Arginine is an amino acid that builds up protein. Arginine is hydrolyzed by some bacteria, which release an enzyme called arginine dihydrolase. It is characteristic of certain enterobacteria. Arginine dihydrolase test procedure There are two types of procedures. Procedure: 1 Following are the steps in procedure 1. In the case of streptococci, 0.5 ml of … Read more
Asculine is a glycoside and it is incorporated with a nutrient base a ferric salt. Aesculin hydrolysis means the breakdown of aesculin. This hydrolysis is indicated by a BROWN coloration. It occurs due to the reaction of aglycone (6.7 Dihydroxycoumarin) with iron. Sometimes another chemical (SODIUM AZIDE) is added. It acts as a preservative. The … Read more
The oxidation fermentation test was first discovered by the two scientists Hugh and Leifson in 1953. Therefore oxidation fermentation test was nominated as Hugh and Leifson test. The purpose of the Hugh and Leifson test is to differentiate between those organisms that oxidize carbohydrates ( aerobic organisms) and between those organisms that don’t oxidize carbohydrates … Read more
India ink stain is used for visualizing the capsule of encapsulated B. anthracis and other capsulated organisms, especially the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Cryptococcus neoformans are identified from blood, blood culture bottles, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Material for India ink stain procedure Following are the materials for the procedure. India ink stain for cryptococcus procedure India … Read more
Hyperlipidemia means a high level of lipid content in the blood. It may be due to a primary cause or secondary. Secondary cause due to some kinds of disease Fredrickson classified hyperlipidemia on the base of an electrophoretic pattern of lipoprotein. There are six types of hyperlipidemia. Here’s the video of Fredrickson’s classification of hyperlipidemia … Read more
Human blood consists of blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and calcium ions). Some diseases change electrolytes concentration like Cushing disease cause hypernatremia while Addison disease causes hyponatremia. Some diseases alter the potassium level and cause hyponatremia or hypernatremia. Hyperkalemia and hypokalemia are two opposite conditions related … Read more
Hypernatremia and hyponatremia are two different medical terms. Hypernatremia medical definition is “Hyper means “excess” while hypo means “low”. Hypernatremia condition occurs when sodium ions concentration is increased by any cause. In the same way, when Na+ concentration is less than normal. It is known as hyponatremia. There are two types of electrolytes in our … Read more
Ion-selective electrode (ISE) is an important instrument for analyzing various electrolytes like Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Lithium in the pathology laboratory. ISE is used in many departments of the medical field. Principle of the ion selective electrode (ISE) ISE principle is that, it create potential that is proportional to the concentration of the tested analyte. … Read more
Heat fixation is the second method after the chemical fixation in histology. what is heat fixation in microbiology? The mechanism of heat fixation is, that it denatures the protein. It takes two to three minutes. Microwave ovens have overtaken the conventional heating method, due to their controlled environment. 45-55 C is the optimum temperature of … Read more
10% Neutral Buffered Formalin is widely used in labs for preserving biological tissues. It stabilizes tissue structures by cross-linking proteins, and the buffer system ensures a neutral pH, which helps reduce tissue damage during fixation. Here’s the composition of 1 liter of 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin: How to prepare 1 liter 10% neutral buffered formalin … Read more