CAMP test stands for Christie, Atkins, Munch-Peterson test in microbiology. A clear area around the blood agar plate is a sign of a positive CAMP test. CAMP test principle A positive CAMP test produces a clear area around the colony on the surface of a blood agar plate that has been affected by the staphylococcus … Read more
The litmus milk decolorization test is an important biochemical; test used to identify clostridia. Litmus milk test principle A heavy inoculum of the test organism is incubated for up to 4 hours in a tube containing litmus milk. A change indicates a reduction of litmus milk in the medium color from mauve to white or … Read more
The phenylalanine deaminase test is important to differentiate proteus and providendia from other enterobacteria and enterocolitis. Principle of phenylalanine deaminase test Some enterobacteria members can form phenyl pyruvic acid from phenylalanine by oxidative deamination. When this phenylalanine reacts with acidified ammonium sulfate OR 10 % ferric chloride solution to form phenyl pyruvic acid.This phenyl pyruvic … Read more
Arginine is an amino acid that builds up protein. Arginine is hydrolyzed by some bacteria, which release an enzyme called arginine dihydrolase. It is characteristic of certain enterobacteria. Arginine dihydrolase test procedure There are two types of procedures. Procedure: 1 Following are the steps in procedure 1. In the case of streptococci, 0.5 ml of … Read more
Asculine is a glycoside and it is incorporated with a nutrient base a ferric salt. Aesculin hydrolysis means the breakdown of aesculin. This hydrolysis is indicated by a BROWN coloration. It occurs due to the reaction of aglycone (6.7 Dihydroxycoumarin) with iron. Sometimes another chemical (SODIUM AZIDE) is added. It acts as a preservative. The … Read more
The oxidation fermentation test was first discovered by the two scientists Hugh and Leifson in 1953. Therefore oxidation fermentation test was nominated as Hugh and Leifson test. The purpose of the Hugh and Leifson test is to differentiate between those organisms that oxidize carbohydrates ( aerobic organisms) and between those organisms that don’t oxidize carbohydrates … Read more
India ink stain is used for visualizing the capsule of encapsulated B. anthracis and other capsulated organisms, especially the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Cryptococcus neoformans are identified from blood, blood culture bottles, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Material for India ink stain procedure Following are the materials for the procedure. India ink stain for cryptococcus procedure India … Read more
Hyperlipidemia means a high level of lipid content in the blood. It may be due to a primary cause or secondary. Secondary cause due to some kinds of disease Fredrickson classified hyperlipidemia on the base of an electrophoretic pattern of lipoprotein. There are six types of hyperlipidemia. Here’s the video of Fredrickson’s classification of hyperlipidemia … Read more
Human blood consists of blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and calcium ions). Some diseases change electrolytes concentration like Cushing disease cause hypernatremia while Addison disease causes hyponatremia. Some diseases alter the potassium level and cause hyponatremia or hypernatremia. Hyperkalemia and hypokalemia are two opposite conditions related … Read more
Hypernatremia and hyponatremia are two different medical terms. Hypernatremia medical definition is “Hyper means “excess” while hypo means “low”. Hypernatremia condition occurs when sodium ions concentration is increased by any cause. In the same way, when Na+ concentration is less than normal. It is known as hyponatremia. There are two types of electrolytes in our … Read more