Clinical microbiology focuses on detecting, identifying, and managing microorganisms that cause diseases in humans. It plays a crucial role in diagnosing infections, monitoring outbreaks, and guiding treatments. Key areas include:
Clinical microbiology aids in developing targeted therapies, ensuring effective infection control, and improving public health.
The oxidation fermentation test was first discovered by the two scientists Hugh and Leifson in 1953. Therefore oxidation fermentation test was nominated as Hugh and Leifson test. The purpose of the Hugh and Leifson test is to differentiate between those organisms that oxidize carbohydrates ( aerobic organisms) and between those organisms that don’t oxidize carbohydrates … Read more
India ink stain is used for visualizing the capsule of encapsulated B. anthracis and other capsulated organisms, especially the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Cryptococcus neoformans are identified from blood, blood culture bottles, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Material for India ink stain procedure Following are the materials for the procedure. India ink stain for cryptococcus procedure India … Read more
Heat fixation is the second method after the chemical fixation in histology. what is heat fixation in microbiology? The mechanism of heat fixation is, that it denatures the protein. It takes two to three minutes. Microwave ovens have overtaken the conventional heating method, due to their controlled environment. 45-55 C is the optimum temperature of … Read more
Here is the most important Quizlet of the microbiology final exam for medical students to refresh their knowledge. Chose the gram-positive bacteria. a. Neisseria, b. Klebsiella, c. Clostridium Free-living, Thick wall, cause abscess of skin. Characteristics of. a. Streptococcus b. Staphylococcus c. Bacillus Extracellular bacteria, thick wall, spore-forming aerobe Characteristics of. a. Clostridium b. Corynebacterium … Read more
There are many differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. There are many differences between gram-positive and negative bacteria cell membranes the base of the cell wall, cell wall compositions, gram stains, antibiotics, and their toxins(endotoxin, exotoxins). Here we will elaborate on the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is the base of gram stain. Gram … Read more
The nitrate reduction test is an important biochemical test in microbiology. It is used to differentiate the various gram-negative rods and also mycobacteria. Nitrate reduction test principle Some anaerobic bacteria use nitrates in an anaerobic environment. As a result, they produce NITRITE and NITROGEN gas. Nitrite changes the color of media, while nitrogen gas can … Read more
H2S test is an important test in microbiology for the identification of various enterobacteria and Brucella species. H2S test principle H2S (hydrogen sulfide) produced by many bacteria due to reaction with sulphur containing amino-acid. This H2S (hydrogen sulfide) detected by a change in colour by the reaction of H2S and ferrous chloride leading to black … Read more
The Nagler reaction test is used to identify the gram-positive bacilli clostridium perfringens. Clostridium perfringens have six serotypes from A to F, but only three A, C, and F types cause disease. Clostridium perfringen causes gas gangrene and food poisioning. Nagler reaction test principle Clostridium per fringe bacteria produces lecithinase, which creates opalescence in the … Read more
An optochin sensitivity test is used for the alpha-hemolytic streptococcus pneumoniae biochemical test. With the help of this test, we diagnose streptococcus pneumonia another alpha-hemolytic streptococcus. Optochin sensitivity test principle Optochin is a chemical (ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride). It is an antibiotic. It interferes with ATP synthesizing enzyme called ATPase in bacteria. It causes the change in … Read more
The Bile solubility test is important for the identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Viridans types of other streptococci. Principle of bile Solubility test Some bacteria (Strept Pneumoniae) have an autolytic enzyme that autolyzes the broth culture within a few days. while other alpha-hemolytic bacteria are resistant to bile. Bile Solubility test reagents and media The … Read more